This assignment is for ETC5521 Assignment 1 by Team quoll comprising of Jinhao Luo and Yawen Zhang.
Corlett, Stavnichuk, and Komarova (2020) indicated that since the first humans completed an orbital spaceflight in 1961 and stepped on the moon in 1969, space missions have been completed nearly 60 years. Meanwhile, space exploration is still technologically challenging and competitive. Therefore, this report would try to analyses the development of the world astronautic exploration from 1961. In the following sections, we will describe the data set and source of the data, and what is the data prepared for. The data description also includes how we transform and clean the raw data for analysis. Beside, our statistical programming used for analysis is R and Rstudio. However, the data set might be not comprehensive, which might result in insufficient analysis and conclusion. Meanwhile, some missing values also included in the data, which might impact on the accuracy of the report. Such limitation should be considered and improved in following analysis.
Based on the purpose of finding the development of astronautical exploration, this report would consider a primary question and three secondary questions. The primary question will focus on the development of the world astronautic exploration with time from the first spaceflight launched. In addition, the three secondary questions should be: Firstly, What has been the trend in astronautic exploration over the last eight-five years? Secondly, How is the technology of astronautic exploration development? Thirdly, Do females also contribute to astronautic exploration? What’s the trend of female astronauts? Those questions would be explored in following part.
The data which are used for analysing in this report are from the astronaut database. Because only one website could not contain comprehensive and up-to-date astronautic information. Therefore, this database was collected from NASA, Roscosmos, and fun-made websites, which includes information about the space mission before 15 January 2020. Furthermore, this data contains 24 different types of information about 1277 astronauts which are name, sex, year of birth, nationality, military status, the name and year of selection program, information about each mission implemented by astronaut such as year, title, ascend and decent shuttle names, duration of mission and extravehicular activity (EVAs). The version of data has been updated on 14 July 2020, which contains the astronautic information from 1961 to 2019. The data used in this report was read from the TidyTuesdayR package, and it has been saved in a new csv file called astronaut for later use.
By browsing the whole dataset and using the glimpse function to observe the variables and the corresponding classes by R, this report decides to apply this dataset into analysing the development of the astronautic industry. Meanwhile, according to the observation, the report would try to use several important and useful variables to explore the development of the astronautic industry as much as possible, like the year, number, and duration of missions, proportion of space travelers, the number of extravehicular activity and the gender of astronauts. In addition, some missing values and inappropriate classes of variables have been found, which would be considered in the following analysing part.
The first human orbital spaceflight has completed 59 years ago. To explore and identify the development of global astronautical exploration, the report would consider the changes of the astronautical exploration projects and missions since the 1961. Meanwhile, the number of country that join the exploration would also be considered to identify the development of the astronautical exploration. Furthermore, the enthusiasm of human for exploring the space could be reflected on the tech of astronautic exploration development. Last but not least, the trends of gender of astronauts would be used for consider the development situation. The following sections will focus on three secondary questions to explore and support the development situation of global astronautical exploration.
Corlett, Stavnichuk, and Komarova (2020) have indicated that humans have never stop their steps of space exploration. Since 1961 the first humans have accomplished an orbital spaceflight, many countries join the team of exploring the space. Therefore, identify the trend in astronautical exploration projects could help the readers realise the development of the space exploration. According to figure 3.1, the general trend of global space exploration projects is increase from 1961 to 1985. In 1985, the number of global project has reached the peak which 28 projects has been launched in this single year. After that the global project has experienced a significant decrease trend. Although the number of project has bounced to 14 in 1992, and fluctuated in the following seventeen years, the general trend of project amount is decrease after 1985. In general, based on figure 3.1 which might indicates that the global astronautical exploration competition between each government is fierce, and the competition has reached the peak in 1985. Although the amount has decreased after peak. The competition, however, still remained strong until 2009.
Figure 3.1: Yearly astronauticalal exploration project amount in the world
Beside the number of projects, the mission amount which needed to be carried out by each shuttle launched could also be used for identifying the trends of astronautical exploration, because each mission in a project is for helping human to explore the universe. According to figure 3.2, it seems likely that there are four times of astronautical exploration rush in human history. In those period, humans set many missions to help the space exploration. The first rush happened in 1985. There were over 60 missions has been carried out in the space , and it was the peak for astronautical exploration. Human has started to show their enthusiasm for astronautical exploring. The duration and amount of mission has remained in a high level in the following thirty-year. Four years later after 1985, the second rush appeared and lasted thirteen years. In that period, average 40 missions has been carried out in universe per year. The third and forth peak also happened in the following years, which lasted three and two years, respectively. Although, the amount of missions decreased after 2009, the mission amount still remained in above 10 cases level per year until now. Overall, human never stop their steps to explore the space. astronautical exploration has experienced a increase trend from 1961 and remained in a high level for many years.
Figure 3.2: Yearly astronautical exploration mission amount in the world (total mission in yearly projects)
In addition, an astronautical exploration race has launched along with the human desire for space. Figure 3.3 and figure 3.4 indicate the astronautical mission amount trends of each country and global astronautical mission share of each country, respectively. According to figure 3.3, the main forces of space exploration were United State and U.S.S.R, which were in the same level before 1981. After that, however, U.S. increased the mission amount significantly, and lead the world level over thirty-two years. On the other hand, based on figure 3.4, U.S. and U.S.S.R/Russia seem play an important role in astronautical exploration in the world. But U.S was still the leader in the astronautical field, and it has occupied the most astronautical exploration missions in the world. Blamont (2005) explained that the awareness of universe, and technical advantage have contributed the leader level to United State. However, even though U.S. and U.S.S.R dominated the astronautical field from 1961 and 1977, there were some new countries join that field in 1978 based on figure 3.4. And after that the trend of new countries joining the universe exploration is increasing in general. In conclusion, although the technical advantages has increased the gaps of each country, and contributed the leader level to United State, many countries still join the astronautical exploration. And more and more countries would join in the exploration, which might become the trend.
Figure 3.3: Yearly mission amount of each countries
Figure 3.4: The global percentage of each country’s mission
This Figure 3.5 describe the Number of extravehicular (EVA) operations per year. Add up all the EVA in the same year and make this bar chart. Since the first spacewalk performed by Alexei Leonov in 1965, the number of extravehicular activity (EVA) was performed steadily increased especially around year 2000 over than 300 times per year. After year 2000, the number of times of EVA has decreased, it does not mean that the development of spaceflights is regressive. Figure 3.6 shows the execution duration for each mission and the results is dramatically increased.
Figure 3.5: Number of EVA operation per year
Based on the article written by Corlett, Stavnichuk and Komarova in 2020, divided the duration of mission hours into three categories could observe the progress of space traveler more intuitively. These three categories include participant short spaceflights less than 96 hours, intermediate spaceflights between 96 to 480 hours and long spaceflights more than 480 hours. When the spaceflights first developed, all the duration of mission is less than 96 hours. After that the time astronauts spent in space increased through the spaceflights histories. The recent trend is the time spent on each mission exceeds 480 hours which shows in Figure 3.6. NASA (2013) explained the potential reason related to the launch of the International Space Station (ISS) program in 1998.
Figure 3.6: Proportion of space travelers in different spaceflights
According to figure 3.7, while women have also appeared in space exploration, men have been the main force in this 49-year period. However, we cannot ignore the contribution of female astronaut in space exploration. Jacksona et al. (2019) indicated that women has preformed essential work in astronautical area since 19th century. Furthermore, Jacksona et al. (2019) also illustrated that the first women travelled into space was in 1963, and the first American female astronaut appeared in 1983. Female astronauts also contribute to the exploration same as male astronauts.
Figure 3.7: Astronaut gender amount comparison
Female astronauts trend to increase in the space exploration. According to figure 3.8, although there was female astronauts appears in the space in 1963, there was a 20-year empty period for female astronauts until 1981. Such situation finished until 1982, and after that, female astronauts trend to increase in fluctuation along with year growing. And female astronauts have appeared in the astronautical exploration almost every year.
Figure 3.8: Global gender share in astronautical exploration of each year
Overall, female astronauts have started to appear frequently in the space exploration, and experienced a general increase tendency. However, female astronauts are still account for a low share compared with male astronauts. While, Jacksona et al. (2019) explained that the possibilities and need for more females in astronautical exploration have been considered in the worldwide nowadays. Female astronauts would trend to contribute more in the space exploration in the future, and more and more female might appear in the universe.
From the first humans have accomplished an orbital spaceflight in 1961 (Corlett, Stavnichuk, and Komarova (2020)), to the intensity of launched reached a record figure in 1980s, the astronautical industry has experienced a continuous development. The interesting and enthusiasm of human for universe have prompted the development of astronautical industry. Whether based on the number of projects and missions launched for astronautical exploration, as well as the appearance of female astronauts and more countries join in the space exploration, the astronautical industry has showed the great development to human.
The astronautical exploration projects and missions experienced a increase trend since the first humans appeared in the universe. And there were a space exploration rush lasted almost 24 years in the world. In that period, the number of project and mission are the highest level from 1961 to today. Meanwhile, many countries also join in the project of the astronautical exploration, which might contribute the development of the space exploration.
Furthermore, the technologies of the space exploration also have developed. Through the spaceflight activities of space travelers exploration, the overall EVA number steadily increased ten years before, but it decreased in recent years. However, it does not mean the development of the spaceflights is regressing. Since the launch of the ISS program in 1998 (NASA (2013)), the duration of almost each mission task is more than 480 hours.
In addition, female astronauts also appear in the history of astronautical exploration. Although male astronauts are still the main force in the universe, the number of female astronauts trend to increase from 20th century. And the appear of female astronauts might change the history of space exploration and help human with the exploration.
The programming language used to analyse the trends of global astronautical exploration is R (4.0.2) (R Core Team 2020). And the platform which used for running R language is Rstudio (1.3.1056) (RStudio Team 2020).
Following packages has been included in our Rmd file.
## # A tibble: 774 x 11
## # Rowwise: mission_title
## mission_title number with_number name sex nationality year_of_mission
## <chr> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl>
## 1 1 98 205 Kizi… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 1986
## 2 1 98 214 Kizi… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 1986
## 3 1 136 205 Solo… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 1986
## 4 1 136 214 Solo… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 1986
## 5 1 204 205 Vikt… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 1987
## 6 1 204 214 Vikt… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 1987
## 7 1 205 212 Fari… male Syria 1987
## 8 1 205 214 Fari… male Syria 1987
## 9 1 205 332 Fari… male Syria 1987
## 10 1 212 214 Krik… male U.S.S.R/Ru… 2000
## # … with 764 more rows, and 4 more variables: with_name <chr>, with_sex <chr>,
## # with_nationality <chr>, mission_decade <chr>Blamont, Jacques. 2005. “International Space Exploration: Cooperative or Competitive?” Space Policy 21 (2): 89–92.
Corlett, Tatsuya, Mariya Stavnichuk, and Svetlana V Komarova. 2020. “Population Analysis of Space Travelers.” Life Sciences in Space Research 27: 1–5.
Jacksona, Ms Shanessa, Patricia Knezek, Mrs Denise Silimon-Hill, and Ms Alexandra Cross. 2019. “WOMEN in Exploration: LESSONS from the Past as Humanity Reaches Deep Space.”
NASA. 2013. “International Space Station Assembly Begins.” https://www.nasa.gov/content/fifteen-years-ago-international-space-station-assembly-begins.
R Core Team. 2020. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/.
RStudio Team. 2020. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Boston, MA: RStudio, PBC. http://www.rstudio.com/.
Sievert, Carson. 2020. Interactive Web-Based Data Visualization with R, Plotly, and Shiny. Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://plotly-r.com.
Wickham, Hadley. 2016. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
Wickham, Hadley, Mara Averick, Jennifer Bryan, Winston Chang, Lucy D’Agostino McGowan, Romain François, Garrett Grolemund, et al. 2019. “Welcome to the tidyverse.” Journal of Open Source Software 4 (43): 1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686.
Wickham, Hadley, Romain François, Lionel Henry, and Kirill Müller. 2020. Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr.